Dr. Khila Nath Sharma, MD
Over two millennia have passed since the teachings of Buddha introduced us to Dhamma, a profound system of consciousness that advocates morality, non-aggression, and philosophical wisdom. Dhamma requires no blind faith, imposes no dogmatic beliefs, and shuns superstitious rituals. Instead, it embraces a balanced path, guiding human souls towards purity of thought and living, leading to supreme wisdom and liberation from all evils.
The ancient Greek adage, “know thyself,” inscribed at the Temple of Apollo in Delphi, stands as one of the earliest written testimonies to humanity’s quest for self-awareness. In the ancient Hindu texts, like the Rig Veda and Upanishads, this idea takes on a metaphysical dimension and is referred to as Ātman, denoting self-knowledge. In Hinduism, self-knowledge is the understanding of the true nature of Atman, which is distinct from the ever-changing individual personality with its ego, habits, desires, and delusions.
According to Hindu belief, the personality and ego shift and evolve with time, while Atman remains eternal and unchanging, untouched by external influences. Atman is the innermost radiant self, perpetually free and unaffected by one’s or others’ egos. It is the true purpose and liberation in life, divine and pure. The ultimate goal of Hindu religious life is the individual transcendence, the realization of one’s divine essence.
Throughout its journey, the aphorism has been embraced and interpreted by various religious groups, philosophers, sages, spiritual teachers, and religious gurus, adding complexity and depth to its meaning and understanding.
In the present world, humanity finds itself vulnerable to manipulation, akin to a hackable creature. Both governments and corporations endeavor to penetrate our innermost beings, striving to understand us better than we comprehend ourselves. They market products and politicians, selling everything they desire, eroding our individual freedoms from within. The very notions of “individual” and “freedom” seem to lose their significance in this context. To navigate the age of artificial intelligence successfully, it becomes imperative for us to delve deeper into self-discovery, making the aphorism “know thyself” more relevant than ever.
Throughout history, humans have engaged in countless battles, made innumerable discoveries, and mastered various aspects of life on this planet. Yet, despite the rise and fall of civilizations, the conscious human race remains largely unfamiliar with the art of knowing oneself. While we conquer external realms, we often neglect to explore the inner dimensions, failing to understand even the depths within inches of our own minds. This article aims to unravel the intricacies that hinder our inward journey, shedding light on the anatomy and neural circuitry of our evolved minds, which have shaped our course of evolution.
The human brain, a masterpiece refined over hundreds of millions of years of evolution, can be divided into three distinct parts: the Hindbrain, the Midbrain (Limbic system), and the Forebrain (Neocortex). The Hindbrain, often referred to as the Reptilian brain, is the most ancient and controls vital functions like heart rate, breathing, body temperature, and balance. It lacks the capacity for thought or learning and shares similarities with the brain structures found in reptiles, dating back nearly 500 million years.
As mammals evolved, the Midbrain, or Limbic brain, emerged about 150 million years ago. This region records memories of experiences that produce pleasant or unpleasant feelings, which we commonly refer to as emotions. The hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus are key components of the Limbic brain. It plays a significant role in our value judgments, often influencing our behavior unconsciously. It houses intense emotions such as love, anger, fear, and other strong emotional states.
Further up the evolutionary ladder, approximately 2 to 3 million years ago, the primates saw the development of several layers of brain cells, leading to the remarkable expansion of the Neocortex or Forebrain. This marked the arrival of the Homo Sapiens genus. The Neocortex gained importance in primates and reached its pinnacle in the human brain, with two large cerebral hemispheres dominating its functions.
These cerebral hemispheres are responsible for the human brain’s unique abilities, including language, abstract thought, imagination, and consciousness. The Neocortex is remarkably flexible, possessing near-infinite learning capabilities, and has been instrumental in the development of human cultures. With the Neocortex came a tremendous intellectual advantage, allowing primates to adapt and thrive in changing environments.
The Neocortex enhances emotional experiences, enabling us to have feelings about our ideas, arts, symbols, imaginations, and emotions. It adds depth to our emotional lives. For instance, while the Limbic system may interpret love as pleasure or sexual desire, the Neocortex, in conjunction with the Limbic system, allows us to experience love as a mother-child bond or long-term emotional commitment.
With the advent of the Neocortex, the neural interconnections in the brain increased exponentially, enriching the complexity of our emotional experiences. We gained the ability to have emotions about our own emotions and to contemplate our thoughts. This blending of the Limbic system and the Neocortex has granted us a profound level of introspection and introspective awareness, giving rise to the intricacies of our emotional and cognitive lives.
In Daniel Kahneman’s renowned book “Thinking, Fast and Slow,” he introduces two fundamental systems of thinking: System 1 and System 2. System 1 operates swiftly and automatically, requiring minimal effort and lacking voluntary control. It handles tasks such as detecting object distances, reacting to sudden sounds, completing familiar phrases, displaying emotional responses to stimuli, and answering simple arithmetic questions. These innate skills are shared with other animals, and our limbic system holds the memories that support them. System 1 also learns associations between ideas and acquires certain skills through practice, like quick mental calculations or chess moves.
On the other hand, System 2 involves effortful mental activities that demand focused attention. This includes complex computations, logical reasoning, and critical thinking. Examples of System 2 thinking involve listening attentively to a specific melody amid a cacophony of music, maintaining a faster walking speed than usual, monitoring social behavior appropriateness, or evaluating the validity of a complex logical argument. These tasks require substantial involvement of the neocortex, either alone or in conjunction with other brain regions like the limbic system or hindbrain.
Learning through analogy is a System 1 approach, drawing from existing knowledge and experiences, often resulting in combinations of familiar ideas. In contrast, System 2 thinking involves learning and knowing from first principles, deconstructing the subject matter to its fundamental truths and building from there. This approach often leads to entirely new and original insights and is the driving force behind many great inventions in history.
The System 2 process of thinking, learning, and knowing from first principles aligns with the essence of conscious and spiritual living, as advocated by eminent philosophers and thinkers like Buddha, Socrates, Aristotle, Plato, Kant, Lao Tzu, Jiddu Krishnamurti, and Osho. Embracing this method of thinking allows us to explore uncharted territories of knowledge and experience, leading to profound understanding and innovative breakthroughs.
When it comes to the execution of thinking, there exists a highly efficient division of labor between System 1 and System 2. System 1 remains constantly active, running automatically, while System 2 usually operates in a low-effort mode. System 1 continuously generates suggestions for System 2 in the form of impressions, knowledge, intuitions, intentions, and feelings. Once endorsed by System 2, these suggestions transform into beliefs and impulses, ultimately leading to voluntary actions. This process is the typical mode of thinking in our day-to-day lives.
In most situations, System 2 readily adopts the suggestions provided by System 1 with little or no modification and executes the action accordingly. In our regular routines, System 2 tends to remain inactive. While it serves as the controller of our thoughts and actions, it is inherently lazy, stepping into action only when System 1 fails to offer an immediate answer to a particular problem. For example, when asked to multiply 234 by 567, System 1 does not possess a ready-made answer like it does for simpler multiplications like 2 by 2. In such cases, System 2, also known as the neocortex, is activated, and after focused attention and effort, it arrives at a solution.
This division of labor between the two systems generally works well, as System 1 is highly proficient at its tasks. Due to our lifelong conditioning and experiences, System 1 has accumulated enough information, impressions, and intuitions to provide ready-made answers for most of our day-to-day thinking processes. As a result, its models of familiar situations are accurate, short-term predictions are usually on point, and initial reactions to challenges are swift and appropriate.
Notably, System 1 is continuously active and cannot be switched off. This is why, even unknowingly, we read a word or a letter on a screen or paper placed in front of us while we are engaged in another task. In many emergency situations such as fleeing during an earthquake, evading a snake, or experiencing emotional outbursts, System 1 becomes the sole controller and executor, enabling rapid responses to ensure our survival and well-being.
Throughout history, humanity has embarked on a relentless pursuit of the ultimate truth, seeking meaning in life’s mysteries. Yet, our inability to comprehend the essence of existence has transformed our journey into a monumental day-to-day battle. This struggle for existence has driven us to bring about profound changes in the world, ranging from countless revolutions and wars to the establishment of nations, borders, cultures, societies, religions, laws, philosophies, and ideals. Despite these myriad transformations, none of these finite endeavors have unveiled the true meaning of life.
Instead, these changes have significantly influenced the human thought process over the ages, leaving an immense reservoir of memories, knowledge, experiences, feelings, intentions, and impressions in our limbic system. This vast array of data exists at various levels, from the molecular to the cellular and genetic. These stored memories, experiences, knowledge, and impressions empower System 1, our instinctive mode of thinking, with a wealth of ready-made answers and responses. Consequently, in our daily lives, when faced with problems or obstacles, we tend to solve them using analogies, drawing upon the abundant experiences and knowledge from the past. As a result, we often find ourselves acting as second-hand human beings, perpetually relying on pre-existing information.
This process of employing second-hand memories in our thought processes is known as conditioning, a crucial survival mechanism for any species on this planet. Conditioning works in a manner where our brain turns to culture, knowledge, and impressions to arrive at conclusions. Once a conclusion is reached, the brain remembers it, avoiding the need to reconsider the same question repeatedly. Subsequently, whenever we encounter similar situations, we begin our thinking process from the pre-established conclusions, allowing us to focus on the subsequent steps derived from those conclusions. Evolution demanded such conditioning to ensure our survival. For instance, when encountering a dangerous predator like a tiger, humans wouldn’t have survived if they stopped to analyze its capabilities each time. Instead, they instinctively ran away or hid—an example of conditioning in action.
While conditioning has its adaptive advantages, it also constrains our thought patterns, inhibiting exploration beyond the confines of past experiences. This limitation prevents us from unearthing new perspectives and original insights. Thus, the pursuit of ultimate truth necessitates transcending the boundaries of conditioning, delving deeper into uncharted territories of thought, and embracing the openness to question the very foundations upon which our conclusions are built.
In the realm of System 1 thinking, our processes are derived from conclusions rather than from the depth of System 2 or first principle thinking. Changing these underlying principles feels like pulling the rug from beneath our feet. The problem with this mental trap is not merely the ability to navigate life’s hurdles, but rather the underutilization of System 2 thinking and the constant reliance on finite, static conclusions and certainties whenever we encounter challenges. Life, however, is not static; it flows like a river, always moving, changing, and evolving. It finds its true meaning in its fluidity. Yet, the persistent reliance on conclusions and certainties disrupts this natural flow, wreaking havoc in our lives and the world around us. To break free from this cycle is the essence of conscious, aware, and spiritual living.
Physiologically, there is a compelling reason for System 2 to remain inactive or “lazy” most of the time. Mental functions consume significant amounts of glucose in the brain. When faced with complex problems and the need for intense focus and attention, System 2 defaults to readily available solutions provided by System 1, conserving energy by accepting them without challenge. In essence, the brain’s intrinsic physiology tends towards laziness. To bring awareness to our daily lives and remain conscious in our thoughts and actions means challenging this inherent physiology and striving to keep System 2 actively engaged, a task that requires significant self-motivation.
The question arises: how do we break free from this loop and overcome the brain’s natural inclination for laziness to keep System 2 engaged most of the time? The answer lies in continuous learning. There are two ways to know the world: acquiring knowledge and continuous learning. Acquiring knowledge follows the familiar process for many of us, relying on System 1 and analogical thinking. However, the path of continuous learning involves constant movement of thoughts without the influence of the past. It explores the world with a fresh perspective, embracing uncertainty, freedom, and a thrilling element of discovery. This approach is devoid of fear and conclusiveness.
Continuous learning, also known as learning from first principles, involves breaking down the subject matter to its fundamental truths and building from there, free from preconceived notions or assumptions. It questions and challenges any existing ideas or knowledge, scrutinizing them from multiple angles to create innovative solutions anew, much like a newborn exploring the world. Learning through first principles is the path to authentic understanding and genuine knowledge.
This approach has led to some of the finest examples of human achievements, where individuals dared to question prevailing beliefs, dismantle existing assumptions, and build entirely new foundations for knowledge. Through continuous learning, we unleash our potential to transcend the limitations of conditioning and embrace the ever-flowing journey of life with an open, curious mind.
Some of the finest example of knowing things through continuous learning or learning through first principle are as follows:
1.Sir Isaac Newton’s law of gravity is an iconic example of transcending conventional thinking. When struck on the head by a falling apple, the ordinary response might have been to consider eating it immediately or saving it for later, or simply dismissing it as a result of birds’ activity. Such reactions exemplify the instinctive System 1 thinking, drawing on past experiences, knowledge, and impressions. However, Newton chose a radically different path, posing a profound question: Why did the apple fall downwards instead of going upwards?
This query stumped System 1, as it lacked any relevant memory or prior knowledge to answer the question. Thus, the task fell upon System 2, prompting a journey of learning from scratch and delving into the fundamental forces of pull and push at play. This approach, known as learning through first principles, was unprecedented and imbued with a sense of excitement, devoid of predetermined conclusions or fears. The outcome of this remarkable inquiry revolutionized our understanding of the physical world.
2.Elon Musk’s visionary ventures, SpaceX and Tesla Motors, showcase the power of first principles thinking in shaping groundbreaking solutions. In 2002, Musk embarked on his mission to send a rocket to Mars, facing a formidable obstacle from the exorbitant cost of purchasing one—up to $65 million. Rather than accepting this financial burden, Musk’s physics-based approach drove him to reevaluate the problem from the fundamental basics.
Analyzing the components of a rocket, Musk discovered that the materials used, such as aerospace-grade aluminum alloys, titanium, copper, and carbon fiber, accounted for a mere two percent of the typical rocket price. Armed with this insight, he made a daring choice—to establish his own company, procure raw materials at a lower cost, and personally construct the rockets. This audacious step gave birth to SpaceX, which within a short span significantly reduced rocket launch costs while remaining profitable.
Musk’s unwavering dedication to learning from first principles led him through multiple setbacks and failures. Despite facing financial challenges and depleting his resources, he remained undeterred, pushing forward to eventual success. His remarkable achievements stand as a testament to the potency of first principles thinking, where the courage to question norms and explore untrodden paths fosters true innovation and transformative solutions.
Here is the sample of system 2 thinking ( first principle thinking) in our day to day life:
1.A delightful morning tea with your wife, accompanied by a large cookie, presents a unique dilemma. As a fitness enthusiast, you are conscious of your calorie intake, while your wife, indifferent to such concerns, struggles with obesity. Breaking the cookie into equal halves seems impossible, and System 1 thinking would typically lead you to give your wife the larger portion, prioritizing your fitness goals. However, engaging System 2 thinking—the first principle approach—transforms this situation.
Taking a step back, you realize that your regular exercise routine makes burning the extra calories from the larger portion more feasible for you than for your wife. Consequently, it becomes logical to have the larger half yourself and offer the smaller one to your wife. This simple shift in perspective showcases the power of conscious thinking in shaping our actions and relationships, underscoring the significance of questioning habitual patterns.
2.Many struggle to maintain a daily gym schedule, citing difficulty in waking up early. Studies indicate that a vast majority drop out of fitness routines within a short period. Often, motivation is derived from external analogies—looking good or emulating someone else’s success. The focus on results gradually erodes motivation when desired outcomes are not achieved.
First principle thinking challenges this approach. Instead of fixating on appearances, one delves deeper to understand the true benefits of a fitness routine. Exploring how exercises impact cellular well-being and discovering alternative ways to burn calories liberates from preset schedules and comparisons. Embracing this self-driven and individualized path fosters genuine motivation and eventual transformation, freed from external influences.
The path of consciousness, awareness, and spiritual living requires reversing the loop of conditioned thinking. Ego, a manifestation of external perception, dissolves under the scrutiny of first principle thinking, which seeks true understanding beyond the realm of appearances. Similarly, emotions like anger, hatred, envy, judgment, comparison, and competition originate from System 1 thinking, driven by past beliefs and impressions. Through System 2 thinking, these emotions are examined at their core, leading to more thoughtful responses and a profound sense of freedom from conditioned reactions. This journey of introspection allows one to embrace true spiritual living and a deeper understanding of oneself and the world.
3.In a classroom, two brilliant students vie for the top academic position. Student A is driven by an insatiable curiosity, approaching subjects from multiple angles and delving into their fundamental core to reason and understand from scratch. Unconcerned about the opinions of others, Student A remains focused on the pursuit of knowledge, unperturbed by external judgments.
On the other hand, Student B is also brilliant but finds motivation in a system 1 thinking loop. He constantly compares himself to Student A, seeking validation from teachers and measuring his own academic brilliance against others’ performance. Envy, competition, judgment, and hatred arise as he sees Student A as a rival. Unlike Student A, Student B’s approach lacks the vitality of genuine understanding, hindered by the trappings of the system 1 mindset.
Hatred, envy, comparison, competition, and judgment arise when we become trapped in the loop of system 1 thinking. To be truly aware and conscious, we must reverse this pattern of thought. By delving deeply into each thought and action, seeking its fundamental core, we breathe new life into our perspectives, infusing them with thrilling emotional content that holds far-reaching influence in society.
System 2 thinking, or first principle thinking, is founded upon self-contained propositions or assumptions, independent of external influences. Aristotle emphasized the significance of understanding first principles as the foundation of true knowledge and science. Adopting the system 2 approach in our daily lives, however, proves immensely challenging, demanding transcendence of the brain’s usual physiology. Diligent practice and intrinsic motivation are vital in this pursuit.
Meditation, mindfulness, Kundalini yoga, and Zen meditation are techniques that aid in enhancing our system 2 thinking process. By cultivating mindfulness and heightened self-awareness, these practices offer us the opportunity to engage system 2 thinking effectively. Through these means, we become more watchful and aware of our thoughts, actions, and behaviors, enabling us to comprehend the world and ourselves on a deeper level. This path leads us towards true enlightenment and understanding.
[Dr Khila Nath Sharma MD is Consultant Histopathologist currently based in Siliguri, Darjeeling.]
